How Heat Kills
2024-07-02
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1From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.
2As temperatures and humidity rise outside, what happens inside the human body can become a life or death situation.
3And a difference of just a few degrees can mean living or dying.
4Researchers say the danger point outdoors for illness and death from ongoing heat is lower than experts once thought.
5This discovery comes from new information, including putting people in "hot boxes" to see what happens to them.
6We will talk about this process later in the story.
7At rest, the body's core temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius.
8That is only 4 degrees Celsius away from possible death from heatstroke.
9Several doctors and other experts explained to The Associated Press what happens to the human body in such heat.
10Ollie Jay is a professor of heat and health at the University of Sydney in Australia.
11That is where he runs the Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory.
12Jay explains that heat kills in three main ways.
13Usually the first way is heatstroke.
14This is a severe increase in body temperature that causes organs to fail.
15When the inner body gets too hot, the body redirects blood flow toward the skin to cool down.
16But that sends blood and oxygen away from the stomach and intestines.
17This can permit poisons normally found in the stomach and intestinal areas to get into the blood.
18Jay said this leads to organ failure and death.
19Number two is the bigger killer in heat - pressure on the heart.
20This is especially true for people who have cardiovascular disease.
21The danger starts with blood quickly flowing to the skin to help reduce body heat.
22That causes blood pressure to drop.
23The heart reacts by trying to pump more blood to keep you from passing out.
24Jay said, "You're asking the heart to do a lot more work than it usually has to do."
25For someone with a heart condition, he compared this situation to running for the bus with an injured leg.
26"Something (is) going to give," he warns.
27Dr. Neil Gandhi is emergency medicine director at Houston Methodist Hospital in Texas.
28He said during heat waves, anyone who comes in with a fever of 37.7 degrees Celsius or higher and no evidence of infection will be checked for heat exhaustion or the more serious heatstroke.
29Gandhi said he often sees temperatures greater than 40 to 40.5 degrees Celsius during extreme heat events.
30"Another degree or three and such a patient is at high risk of death," he added.
31The third way heat kills is by lack of water in the body, or dehydration.
32As people sweat, they lose liquids to a point that can severely hurt kidneys, Professor Jay said.
33He added that dehydration also reduces blood flow and worsens cardiac problems.
34Renee Salas is a Harvard University professor of public health and an emergency room doctor at Massachusetts General Hospital.
35"Dehydration can be very dangerous and even deadly for everyone if it gets bad enough," Salas said.
36"But it is especially dangerous for those with medical conditions and on certain medications," she added.
37Heat also affects the brain. It can interfere with thinking and reasoning.
38Kris Ebi is a public health and climate professor at the University of Washington.
39She said one of the first signs that heat has become dangerous is mental confusion.
40However, the person suffering from the heat is unlikely to see it, she said.
41This becomes a bigger problem as people age.
42Many people may not realize their danger, Houston's Gandhi said. Dehydration can progress into shock.
43This causes organs to shut down from a lack of blood, oxygen, and nutrients.
44One definition of heatstroke is having a core body temperature of 40 degrees Celsius combined with mental confusion and difficulty thinking said Pennsylvania State University physiology professor W. Larry Kenney.
45Some scientists use a complex measurement tool called wet bulb globe temperature.
46It records humidity, solar radiation, and wind.
47In the past, it was thought that a wet bulb reading of 35 Celsius (or 95 Fahrenheit) was the danger point.
48Kenney also runs a hot box laboratory and has done nearly 600 tests.
49He said his tests show the wet-bulb danger point is closer to 30.5 Celsius.
50And that temperature is for young healthy people.
51For older people, the danger point is a wet bulb temperature of 28 degrees Celsius, he said.
52He adds that the amount of moisture in the air, or humidity, plays a big part.
53"Humid heat waves kill a lot more people than dry heat waves," Kenney said.
54Heatstroke is an emergency.
55Medical workers try to cool a victim down within 30 minutes, Salas said.
56She's the professor and emergency room doctor in Massachusetts.
57The best treatment is a cold water bath.
58But Salas said that those baths are not always available.
59So, emergency rooms pump patients with cool fluids intravenously, apply cold water to the skin, put ice packs in armpits and groins, and place them on a cold mat with cold water running inside it.
60However, sometimes all these treatments do not work.
61Experts call it a silent killer: You do not see the damage happening.
62Much of the United States, Mexico, India, and the Middle East suffer through extreme heat waves.
63These heat events are worsened by human-caused climate change.
64Climate change made a killer heat wave in Mexico and the Southwest U.S. even warmer and also made it 35 times more likely to happen more often.
65Extreme heat in India has killed more than 100 people in the past three and a half months.
66And that's the Health & Lifestyle report.
67I'm Anna Matteo.
68And I'm Andrew Smith.
1From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report. 2As temperatures and humidity rise outside, what happens inside the human body can become a life or death situation. And a difference of just a few degrees can mean living or dying. 3Researchers say the danger point outdoors for illness and death from ongoing heat is lower than experts once thought. This discovery comes from new information, including putting people in "hot boxes" to see what happens to them. We will talk about this process later in the story. 4At rest, the body's core temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius. That is only 4 degrees Celsius away from possible death from heatstroke. 5Several doctors and other experts explained to The Associated Press what happens to the human body in such heat. 6Ollie Jay is a professor of heat and health at the University of Sydney in Australia. That is where he runs the Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory. Jay explains that heat kills in three main ways. 7Heatstroke 8Usually the first way is heatstroke. This is a severe increase in body temperature that causes organs to fail. When the inner body gets too hot, the body redirects blood flow toward the skin to cool down. But that sends blood and oxygen away from the stomach and intestines. 9This can permit poisons normally found in the stomach and intestinal areas to get into the blood. Jay said this leads to organ failure and death. 10Pressure on the heart 11Number two is the bigger killer in heat - pressure on the heart. This is especially true for people who have cardiovascular disease. The danger starts with blood quickly flowing to the skin to help reduce body heat. That causes blood pressure to drop. The heart reacts by trying to pump more blood to keep you from passing out. 12Jay said, "You're asking the heart to do a lot more work than it usually has to do." For someone with a heart condition, he compared this situation to running for the bus with an injured leg. "Something (is) going to give," he warns. 13Dr. Neil Gandhi is emergency medicine director at Houston Methodist Hospital in Texas. He said during heat waves, anyone who comes in with a fever of 37.7 degrees Celsius or higher and no evidence of infection will be checked for heat exhaustion or the more serious heatstroke. 14Gandhi said he often sees temperatures greater than 40 to 40.5 degrees Celsius during extreme heat events. "Another degree or three and such a patient is at high risk of death," he added. 15Dehydration 16The third way heat kills is by lack of water in the body, or dehydration. As people sweat, they lose liquids to a point that can severely hurt kidneys, Professor Jay said. He added that dehydration also reduces blood flow and worsens cardiac problems. 17Renee Salas is a Harvard University professor of public health and an emergency room doctor at Massachusetts General Hospital. "Dehydration can be very dangerous and even deadly for everyone if it gets bad enough," Salas said. "But it is especially dangerous for those with medical conditions and on certain medications," she added. 18How heat affects the brain 19Heat also affects the brain. It can interfere with thinking and reasoning. 20Kris Ebi is a public health and climate professor at the University of Washington. She said one of the first signs that heat has become dangerous is mental confusion. However, the person suffering from the heat is unlikely to see it, she said. This becomes a bigger problem as people age. 21Many people may not realize their danger, Houston's Gandhi said. Dehydration can progress into shock. This causes organs to shut down from a lack of blood, oxygen, and nutrients. 22One definition of heatstroke is having a core body temperature of 40 degrees Celsius combined with mental confusion and difficulty thinking said Pennsylvania State University physiology professor W. Larry Kenney. 23Wet bulb and hot box test 24Some scientists use a complex measurement tool called wet bulb globe temperature. It records humidity, solar radiation, and wind. In the past, it was thought that a wet bulb reading of 35 Celsius (or 95 Fahrenheit) was the danger point. 25Kenney also runs a hot box laboratory and has done nearly 600 tests. He said his tests show the wet-bulb danger point is closer to 30.5 Celsius. 26And that temperature is for young healthy people. For older people, the danger point is a wet bulb temperature of 28 degrees Celsius, he said. 27He adds that the amount of moisture in the air, or humidity, plays a big part. "Humid heat waves kill a lot more people than dry heat waves," Kenney said. 28Heatstroke is an emergency. Medical workers try to cool a victim down within 30 minutes, Salas said. She's the professor and emergency room doctor in Massachusetts. 29The best treatment is a cold water bath. But Salas said that those baths are not always available. So, emergency rooms pump patients with cool fluids intravenously, apply cold water to the skin, put ice packs in armpits and groins, and place them on a cold mat with cold water running inside it. 30However, sometimes all these treatments do not work. Experts call it a silent killer: You do not see the damage happening. 31Much of the United States, Mexico, India, and the Middle East suffer through extreme heat waves. These heat events are worsened by human-caused climate change. 32Climate change made a killer heat wave in Mexico and the Southwest U.S. even warmer and also made it 35 times more likely to happen more often. 33Extreme heat in India has killed more than 100 people in the past three and a half months. 34And that's the Health & Lifestyle report. 35I'm Anna Matteo. 36And I'm Andrew Smith. 37Seth Borenstein reported this story for The Associated Press Anna Matteo adapted it for VOA Learning English. 38______________________________________________ 39Words in This Story 40humidity - n. a moderate degree of wetness especially of the atmosphere 41core temperature - n. the temperature deep within a living bod 42heatstroke - n. a condition marked especially by the stopping of sweating, a high body temperature, and exhaustion that results from exposure to high temperature for a long time 43cardiovascular - adj. of, relating to, or involving the heart and blood vessels 44heat exhaustion - n. a condition marked by weakness, nausea, dizziness, and profuse sweating that results from physical exertion in a hot environment 45dehydration - n. an abnormal depletion of body fluids 46sweat - v. to give off salty moisture through the pores of the skin 47confusion - n. disturbance of consciousness characterized by inability to engage in orderly thought or by lack of power to distinguish, choose, or act decisively 48physiology - adj. a branch of biology dealing with the processes and activities by which life is carried on and which are special features of the functioning of living things, tissues, and cells 49intravenously - adv. being within or entering by way of the veins 50We want to hear from you. 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